Scaling Lifesaving Interventions Faster: A case study on the accelerated uptake of nOPV2, the first vaccine to receive WHO Emergency Use Listing

j.harris — Thu, 18 Nov 2021 18:44:34 +0000

Scaling Lifesaving Interventions Faster: A case study on the accelerated uptake of nOPV2, the first vaccine to receive WHO Emergency Use Listing j.harris Thu, 11/18/2021 - 18:44

Scaling Lifesaving Interventions Faster: A case study on the accelerated uptake of nOPV2, the first vaccine to receive WHO Emergency Use Listing

Author: Stephanie Stan

Widespread administration of oral polio vaccines (OPVs) has resulted in reduced incidence of polio and the eradication of wild poliovirus type 2 and type 31,2. Despite progress reducing the burden of polio globally, type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) has continued to spread, primarily through Africa and Asia1,3: in 2019, there were 366 cases of cVDPV2 globally and by 2020, this number had increased to 1,069 cases1,4,5.

The novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2)—a more genetically stable, next generation polio vaccine—was developed to prevent further spread and outbreaks of cVDPV2 throughout under-immunized populations, serving to save children from poliovirus-induced paralysis and death1. In November 2020, the World Health Organization granted the nOPV2 vaccine the first Emergency Use Listing (EUL), and since then, nOPV2 has scaled to eight countries in less than one year1,7.

A key factor contributing to the accelerated launch and scale of this vaccine was the timely coordination and communication across multiple stakeholders: funders, scientists, university researchers, policymakers, global vaccine advocates, and vaccine manufacturers1,7. The Scaling Lifesaving Interventions Faster case study on nOPV2 highlights the global impact possible when multiple stakeholders collaborate to achieve a common goal. As the first vaccine with Emergency Use Listing approval, nOPV2 is setting the stage for the accelerated introduction and uptake of future global health interventions1.

Read the Scaling Lifesaving Interventions Faster case study on nOPV2 here: https://tinyurl.com/ve4fk7ed

References:

Muyengwa D, Bandyopadhyay AS, Zipursky S, Wanyoike S, Silimperi D. Scaling Life-Saving Interventions Faster Case Studies Series: Novel Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2 (nOPV2). Durham: Duke Global Health Innovation Center; 2021.

WHO. Poliomyelitis (polio). Retrieved March 24, 2021, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/poliomyelitis#tab=tab_1

GPEI. (2020, December). GPEI Strategy for Control of cVDPV2 2020-2021. Retrieved from https://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cVDPV2-strategy-nOPV-rollout-fact-sheet-20201211.pdf

GPEI. Vaccine-Derived polioviruses. Retrieved March 23, 2021, from https://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-prevention/ the-virus/vaccine-derived-polio-viruses/

World Health Organization. (2021, August 31). Global Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). World Health Organization. From https://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/ weekly-polio-analyses-cVDPV-20210803.pdf.

WHO. (2020, November 13). First ever vaccine listed under WHO emergency use. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://www. who.int/news/item/13-11-2020-first-ever-vaccine-listed-under- who-emergency-use

Duke Global Health Innovation Center. nOPV2 Intervention Research Interviews (2021). Launch and Scale Speedometer. Duke University

Source: WHO

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Tracking COVID vaccine regulatory approvals around the world

rwatkins — Fri, 18 Dec 2020 13:00:00 +0000

Tracking COVID vaccine regulatory approvals around the world rwatkins Fri, 12/18/2020 - 13:00

Weekly Insights and Interesting Trends

Tracking regulatory approvals around the world

We have seen a lot of movement in regulatory approval of Covid-19 vaccines over the past two weeks, as vaccination campaigns begin to roll out. When tracking the Covid-19 vaccine landscape, it is important to keep in mind the difference between emergency use authorization and full authorization. Most Covid-19 vaccine approvals received thus far have been limited to emergency use. This may be granted to address a health emergency, on the basis of early clinical trial data (generally results from Phase III trials), is temporary, and may place restrictions on the eligible population (e.g. age) and method of distribution. Vaccines receiving emergency use authorization are expected to apply for full regulatory approval (or licensure) after additional safety data is collected.

Regulatory approval for vaccines is complex in the best of times; there are at least 51 paths to various levels of authorization across 24 countries. While many countries do share information and coordinate in the process of regulatory approval, there is no global vaccine regulatory body, which means that vaccine developers need to seek authorization for every market in which they intend to sell.

Two mechanisms coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) help to streamline this process. The Emergency Use Listing process, recently launched by the WHO for public health crises, essentially provides a stamp of approval for unlicensed vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics in low- and middle-income countries. The WHO has not yet granted EUL status to any Covid-19 vaccine candidates, though several including Russia’s Sputnik V and Moderna have reportedly applied and are under review.

The WHO also maintains a list of Stringent Regulatory Authorities (SRAs), trusted national regulatory bodies whose decisions can be used to guide other countries. SRAs use rigorous and transparent processes for the review and approval of vaccines and therapeutics. Other governments can use approval by an SRA as the basis for expedited approval in their own country.

China was the first country to grant emergency to any Covid-19 vaccine candidates, approving CanSino for use in the Chinese military, and then Sinovac’s Coronavac for use in high-risk populations, before results from Phase III trials were known. Russia followed with emergency authorization for Sputnik V, again without any data from Phase III trials.

The (Beijing-based) Sinopharm vaccine is the first to receive full authorization in any country, after the UAE and Bahrain registered it this week, even before Sinopharm has reported Phase III results. China has granted emergency authorization to both (Beijing- and Wuhan-based) Sinopharm vaccines and is currently seeking full approval for domestic use.

However, China, Russia, Bahrain, and the UAE are not recognized as SRAs. We do not yet know whether the vaccines developed in China and Russia will be reviewed and approved by an SRA. Approval by a non-SRA regulator body may not provide enough safety and efficacy evidence for other countries to follow suit without a full review.

There are significant differences in the review process even among SRAs. For example, the UK review process relies on analysis provided by the vaccine developer while in the US, regulators conduct their own analysis with the raw data.

The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine has been first out of the gate to receive emergency use authorizations from SRAs, which was followed by multiple other countries this week. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine now has emergency approval in the UK, the US, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Costa Rica, and Singapore.

Moderna has applied for emergency authorization in the US (the advisory committee has recommended authorization, which is expected next week), the EU, Canada, Switzerland, UK, Israel, and Singapore. As noted above, Moderna has also reported plans to apply for EUL with the WHO.

Other leading contenders are rounding the regulatory bend as well, with the finish line in sight. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine is under review in the UK, with a decision expected in December or early January. Johnson and Johnson’s single-dose vaccine is under rolling review in multiple markets, including the EU, Canada and South Africa, and expects to apply for emergency use authorization with the US in February.

Interesting Trends

Significant updates, changes, and trends we are seeing this week:

COVAX partners Gavi, CEPI, and WHO announced today that they have secured access to nearly 2 billion doses of Covid-19 vaccines. (Most of these doses fall under options on existing deals and are thus shown as potential in our data. We are seeking clarification on the purchase details and will update our data accordingly.) Pending regulatory approval of the vaccines, they expect to begin shipment of doses to all participating countries by the first quarter of 2021, a very positive development for global equity.

China made its first bilateral purchase of a Covid-19 vaccine, buying 100 million doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine through Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Group.

The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) announced it will mobilize $1 billion to support the purchase and deployment of Covid-19 vaccines for Latin America and the Caribbean. The IDB will work closely with COVAX and the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) in this effort. This funding commitment follows the $9 billion announced by the Asian Development Bank last week and the $12 billion announced by the World Bank in October to support procurement and distribution of vaccines in low- and middle-income countries.

Mild to serious allergic reactions were reported for individuals who took the Pfizer vaccines in the UK and US. This has led to discussions of whether any populations (e.g. people with known allergies) should be excluded from receiving this vaccine.

GSK-Sanofi’s clinical trial results were not promising in achieving the expected immune response in the elderly population, warranting the launch of another study in February 2021. Results from the new trial are expected by the end of 2021, a major setback for global supply of the vaccine.

For more information on this research and our findings, please go to
https://launchandscalefaster.org/COVID-19.

Weekly COVID Vaccine Research Update

Data Updates

High-income country confirmed dose total:	4 billion
Upper-middle-income country total:	1.1 billion
Lower-middle-income country total:	1.8 billion
Low-income country total:	0
COVAX total:	870 million
Total worldwide confirmed purchases of Covid-19 vaccines:	7.7 billion doses